The purpose of this study was to show the group norms of existing in primary school sport teams, its confirm constitutional validity and internal consistency to invent an able measure questionnaire. Subjects consisted of primary school sport teams, participated 150 athletes to invention of questionnaire item, 511 athletics for item analysis of questionnaire and exploratory factor analysis, 431 athletics for confirmatory factor analysis. Result of exploratory factor analysis extracted a five-factor attitude norms, rank norms of senior and junior members, norms of practice behavior, performance norms, punishment norm of senior and junior members and so forth in a low grade analysis of primary school sport teams. Among these factors proved the structure of multidimensional that belonged attitude norms, rank norms of senior and junior members, punishment norms of senior and junior members belonged the behavior of senior and junior, norms of practice behavior, performance norms belonged the performance behavior. Also, according to the result of confirmatory factor analysis, the goodness-of-fit of factor structure of group norms scale for primary school sport teams was appeared acceptable.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the level of purpose in life and satisfaction in school athletic teams and recreational sport teams. The subjects for this study were 447 male of the 34 university sports teams(18 elite sport teams, 16 recreational sport teams), executed the scale of Saito` purpose in life and a five-item questionnaire to assess the satisfaction. After get total mean of the scale of purpose in life, subjects were divided into two group ; high group who scored higher than total means score of purpose in life, low group who scored lower than total means score of purpose in life. Considering differ from that characteristic of elite sport teams and recreational sport teams, data were analyzed through a 2(elite, recreational sport teams)×2( high group, low purpose in life)ANOVA. The results of the analysis are as follows: The member of high group in purpose in life showed higher satisfaction than those of the low group about opportunity to improvement of motor skills, practice time, individual Motor skills, every respect on coach, member and general in life of sport teams. Although× there were no differences according to the level of purpose in life about motor skills of teams, but the member of high group in purpose in life showed higher satisfaction level than those of the low group in recreational sport teams.

This study was designed to test the predictability of self-efficacy and team-efficacy on individual and team performance. It was hypothesized that the players, and teams with high self-efficacy and team-efficacy would perform better than the players and teams with low self-efficcy and team-efficacy. It was also hypothesized that team-efficacy would predict team`s performance better than self-efficacy would do. 84 male baketball players from 14 high school teams which participated in 2000 National Athletic Competition were aministered Self-Efficacy Scale and Team-Efficacy Scale right before preliminary tournament The data were analyzed with corelation, ANOVA, and regression. Findings indicated that the player with high self-efficacy perform better than the players with low self-efficacy, and the teams passed in qualifying round have higher socre in both self-efficacy and team-efficacy than the teams rejected. The power of self-efficacy and team-efficacy is stronger in predicting performance of qualifying round than final result. The team-efficacy explained independently team performance, but the self-efficacy did not.

The purpose of this study was to examine the fit of an unidimensional model, Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale(PACES), to data from a Korean adults sporting population using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), to test whether PACES has a possibility as a implement to measure the enjoyment of physical activities for Korean. Subjects were 250 sport center participants(mean age 40.6 years), exercising in swimming, golf, fitness, bowling and Aerobic. Subjects were instructed to rate how they felt at the moment about the physical activity they had performed. The results of this study demonstrated that PACES was inappropriate inventory to measure Korean`s physical activity enjoyment. The findings also indicated that PACES had problems for the model using this particular sample. This lack of support for unidimensional structure of PACES underscores the need to resolve several research questions related to measurement of enjoyment, specifically, the problem of disentangling antecedents from the experience of emotion.

The purpose of this study was to identify the personality profiles of Korean high school players. 625 high school players(503 boys, 122 girls) participated in this study. They were divided with 4 groups such as individual/contact(n=364), individual/noncontact(n=87), team/contact(n=115), team/noncon tact(n=59). Athletes were participated in 13 sport events such as soccer, wrestling, rifle, rugby, baseball, taekwondo, judo, hocky, track and field, boxing. Cattell`s 16PF was consisted of 16 factors and 160 items(except B factor, 10 items in this research). Statistical procedures included descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA, MANOVA, and discriminent analysis. The statistical analysis showed significant differences in six major factors of personality: First Order Factor -coolness/warmth, submissiveness/dominance, desurgency/surgency, praxernia/autia, Second Order Factor - introversion/ extraversion, subduedness/ independence. MANOVA analysis was used to examine group differences in the personality scales. The statistical analysis showed significant group differences in scales of personality: First Order Factor - submissiveness/dominance, desurgency/surgency, tough/tender mindedness, relaxation/anxiety, praxernia/ autia, naivete/shrewdness, Second Order Factor - emotional sensitivity/tough poise, low/high anxiety.

Soccer players experience various psychological conflicts at the time of penalty shoot-outs depending on circumstantial and situational factors in addition to their kicking capabilities. This article aims to identify sources of stress the players experience, their strategies to cope with the stress, and their habitual behavior in this circumstance. The study also tries to find out which kicking order the players prefer and want to avoid. This study is based on 300 soccer players from 15 elementary, middle, and high schools. The players were given multiple choice questions and open-ended questions. Analysis of the questionnaire revealed the following results. First, all levels of players wanted to avoid the spots for first and fifth kickers, and prefer second and third kicker spots. Therefore, coaches are advised to put emotionally stable and strong players in the first and fifth spots, all things being equal. Second, the players showed 7 types of habitual behavior at the moment of penalty shoot-outs. They included concentration, confidence, target decision, breathing, imagination, and observance of taboo. As for the target decision, many players were found to look at the opposite direction to which they would kick the ball. Third, in the case of soccer players, 7 domains were identified as sources of stress at the time of penalty shoot-outs: the concern about failure and mistake, conflict on target decision, lack of confidence, lack of kicking skill, decrease in concentration, increase in tension and anxiety and other external factors were important. Specifically, elementary school players frequently mentioned such concerns as "my team may lose because of me," and such lack of confidence as "I have no guts." Middle school and high school players expressed such lack of confidence as "I have no confidence," or "I`m not strong-minded," and such decrease in concentration as "Past failure occurs to me." Finally, the soccer players were found to use 14 strategies to cope with this stressful moment. They included mind concentration, relaxation, self-consolation, self-confidence, self-control, exercise, image training, mind control, avoidance, ignoring, and deep breathing. More specifically, to cope with the concern about failure and mistake, they used such strategies as relaxation, mind concentration, and self-consolation. When they felt they were not confident enough, they tried to regain self-confidence and used auto suggestion. In particular, for all levels of players, when they felt lack of confidence, they used strategies to boost self-confidence and self-assurance. Soccer players experience extreme psychological turmoil at the moment of penalty shoot-outs as this study has demonstrated. Therefore, it is imperative for soccer coaches to understand and consider these psychological aspects during training and competition contexts.

The purpose of this study was to suggest two effects by designing and applying the program for group sports counseling to one of the high school soccer teams. First, in order to understand the players better and to make them perceive themselves in the process of group counseling consisting of seven times, they were asked to fill subject of counseling and related content in the designated forms. The content of counseling is about; the first impression of participation of players a strong and a weak point of players, and good experience during athletic activity. As players they think as good experiences that how to treat other players with understanding, consideration and respect to others. Although they take classes until noon, they complain about difficulties such as lack of teachers understanding and differences between the players and other students. The order of goals; always do my best, put efforts twice as much as others do, and be a better person. Second, to evaluate counseling effects of the players by the counseling process, various questionnaires were administered and t-test were conducted. The first and second problems that the players were faced with the result of games and training and practice respectively. The result showed that while negative feelings were lowered, positive feelings were increased. Whereas the players` psychological skills except anxiety control were lowered, self-management except interpersonal management was slightly increased in after counseling. This study was to identify various problems and to understand the players better rather than to improve psychological skills or self-management through the group counseling program. Therefore, future study must meet the requirement of the fields, develop the program to improve problem-solving and coping strategies based on the identified problems as well as applied study must be conducted by various kinds and levels of sports, and levels of development.

The purpose of this study was to statically verify a scale on arousal seeking for analyzing and predicting participants` behaviors in risk or adventure sport. And the study was also to confirm the verification of fitness on the structure of factors explored by Jung(1997). The subjects were 442 persons(321-male, 121-female) having participated in the leisure and exercise club or class activities(96-swimming, 75-fitness, 76-tennis and badminton, 75-baseball, 59-paragliding). The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 49. This study used the `Questionnaire Arousal Seeking Scale` developed by Jung(1997). We applied Exploratory Factor Analysis, Cronbach`s α, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and MANOVA and for the statistic analysis, and IBM PC with SPSS v10.0 and AMOS v4.0 program was used for the calculations. The results of this study are as follows: The arousal seeking behaviors was explore with thrill seeking factor(5 items) and novelty seeking factor(7 items) through the exploratory factor analysis. These two factors were found to be verified on convergent validity and discriminant validity through the confirmatory factor analysis. This model identification was confirmed to be a proper model in the x^2, GFI, AGFI, RMR, NFI, RFI, M, TLI, CFI, and RMSEA. The final model were confirmed with thrill seeking factor(3 items) and novelty seeking factor(3 items). The scale showed group differences between the events of leisure sport and exercise on the 2 factors. The subjects having participated in paragliding got higher scores in the arousal seeking factors(thrill seeking, novelty seeking) than those having participated in other types of sport.

The purpose of this study is to inspect the psychological cure effect of exercise therapy which includes Taekwondo, Dan-Jeon Breathing, Yoga familiar to Korean. This program was planned to enhance woman`s mental health and psychological well-being. For this purpose, We constituted experimental group(N=17) and control group(N=17). The experimental group was managed to have the exercise therapy three times a week for 8 months by a professional coach. The laboratory wireless 4 channel EEC measuring equipment (Laxtha Inc, 2001) and the Korean Version of Smith Kline Beecham` Quality of Life Scale Questionnaire(Yoon et al., 1998) were utilized. All of the subjects were conducted to have the pre and post test The EEC of Fpl and Fp2 through relative power spectrum analysis and the cognition state of Quality of Life were analyzed by the analysis of covariance. a waves and θ waves of experimental group were activated more significantly than control group, and comparatively β waves were significantly less activated. Competence, mental well-being, physical well-being, and vigor of experimental group ware enhanced more positively than control group as well. But in the factor of stability any significant difference was not found between experimental and control group. To conclude all the above, this exercise therapy has an psychological cure effect on mid-aged women`s cerebral functioning that activates α waves and θ waves and psychological well-being positively which enhances the quality of their life.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Alzheimer`s disease on a response-selection stage of information processing for movement execution. Forty Alzheimer patients and forty age-matched normal elderly individuals performed choice reaction time tasks with the different number of stimulus-response alternatives. As the number of stimulus-response alternative increased, both groups revealed linear increases in reaction time (RT). The slope of this linear function was found to be significantly steeper for the Alzheimer patients. In addition, the Alzheimer patients showed a greater intercept of the linear function than the normal elderly individuals. These results suggest that the Alzheimer`s disease causes a deficit in information processing for movement execution, specifically, the response-selection processing. The findings also suggest that the increased RT in Alzheimer patients is due to a disruption in central processing mechanism but not in peripheral sensory processing.

Two experiments investigated an alpha self-regulation training on the performance of a golf putting task and its influence on the alpha waves of Fz, Cz, and O1 to determine the relationship between psychological performance chris and EEG wave patterns. In the first study, forty-five(male = 25, female = 20) college students who had minimal golf putting experiences were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions (1) alpha self-regulation group, (2) GSR group, and (3) a control group. The task used in this study was a 1.80m golf-putting after a 10 min respective strategy applied. A Mind Arrow game, Cup Creator, and Alpha Monitor on the Q-jump^? brain wave biofeedback device (Changsei, Korea) was used to collect data. The above games were designed to monitor and stimulate subjects brain activity of the frontal areas (e.g. Fpl, and Fp2), and is operated by the subjects own alpha brain activity. GSR was an EMG biofeedback device to monitor muscle tension. The results of this study indicated that subjects in the alpha self-regulation group outperformed the GSR and the control groups in absolute and radial errors in the acquisition phase. In the second study, seven male high school students(shooters) were participated and their ages ranged from 17 to 19 years, with a mean age and experience of 17.6 and 4.8 years respectively. EEG data were collected with a BIOPAC system using three channels(Fz, Cz, and O1). EEG data were analyzed using Acqknowledge program. The results of the second study showed that the alpha waves of Fz, Cz, and O1 tended to be suppressed when subjects used the alpha self-regulation training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of meta cognitive learning strategy on the control of visual and auditory distractors to enhance learning and performance. Fifty subjects(female=50) who had not experienced in shooting participated in this experiment. Their ages ranged from 14 to 16, with a mean age of 15.6 and they were randomly assigned to one of five conditions(Five Step Strategy group, visual distraction group, auditory distraction group, audio and visual distraction group, and control group). The instruments used for this study were Scatt System(Russia) and Feinwerkbau 45mm(Germany) air pistol. Target was located at a subject`s chest high and 5m from the subjects. Nova-strobe(U.S.A) was used to provide subjects for auditory distraction(75-85db). The results of this study indicated that the meta cognitive learning facilitated performance and learning. Subjects in the auditory distraction group showed more increment in error than other experimental conditions. Interestingly, visual distraction coupled with auditory distraction seemed to be better than the auditory distraction group. Based on this study, it is believed that an auditory stimulation in learning would be more harmful factor than a visual stimulation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism for utilizing visual information in the on-line modulation of motor commands by analyzing the effect of unexpected changes in target size or location on the pattern of programmed agonist and antagonist muscles. Twenty male university students performed rapid elbow extension movements toward a visual target in task situations where the target size or location could be changed unexpectedly after movement onset For each movement, the displacement of elbow joint and the electomyographic(EMG) activity of the agonist and antagonist muscles were measured. While the final elbow angle in the target location condition was shown to increase with an increase in movement amplitude and decrease with a decrease in movement amplitude, it was not altered systematically with changes in task constraints in the target size condition. The intensity of agonist muscle activity measured during the acceleration phase was shown to increase when the target moved to longer location, but was not sensitive to changes in target size. Although the patterns of muscle activities measured during the deceleration phase were also insensitive to changes in target size, they displayed corresponding changes with altered target locations. While the agonist muscle activity increased and the antagonist decreased when the target moved to longer location, opposite results were found when the target moved to closer location. These results suggest that when unexpected changes in task situation occur after movement onset the visual system provides specific information about the characteristics of altered task constraints, which may affect the selection of control strategy. Selected control strategy can produce muscle activation patterns corresponding to the mechanical demands of altered task constraints by affecting the on-line modulation of motor commands.